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<title>Ramon Llull</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ramon Llull</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Ramon_Llull_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ramon Llull (disambiguation)">Ramon Llull (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Llull" redirects here. For the Spanish basketball player, see <a href="Sergio_Llull" title="Sergio Llull">Sergio Llull</a>. For the medieval Spanish businesswoman, see <a href="Caterina_Llull_i_Sabastida" title="Caterina Llull i Sabastida">Caterina Llull i Sabastida</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="Beatification" title="Beatification">Blessed</a></div><br><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Ramon Llull</div><br><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">TOSF</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="Anachronism" title="Anachronism">Anachronistic</a> portrait of Ramon Llull by <a href="Francisco_Ribalta" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Ribalta">Francisco Ribalta</a> (1620)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1232</span><br><a href="Palma%2C_Mallorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Palma, Mallorca">City of Mallorca</a>, <a href="Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Kingdom of Majorca</a><br><small>(now Palma, Spain)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1316 (aged 83–84)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Beatification" title="Beatification">Beatified</a></th><td class="infobox-data">11 September 1847 by <a href="Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30 June (<a href="Third_Order_of_St._Francis" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Order of St. Francis">Third Order of St. Francis</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Anachronistic image of Ramon Llull with <a href="Speech_scroll" title="Speech scroll">speech scroll</a>, by an unknown artist (16th–17th century)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Philosophical work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Lullism" title="Lullism">Lullism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main interests</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">

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</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a></li><li><a href="Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a></li><li><a href="Logic" title="Logic">logic</a></li><li><a href="Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><i><a href="Blanquerna" title="Blanquerna">Blanquerna</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Tree_of_Science_(Ramon_Llull)" title="Tree of Science (Ramon Llull)">Tree of Science</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Ars_Magna_(Llull_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ars Magna (Llull book)">Ars Magna</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable ideas</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Lullism" title="Lullism">Lullist thought</a></li>

<li><a href="Election_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Election theory">election theory</a></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Computation_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Computation theory">computation theory</a></span></li></ul>

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<p><b>Ramon Llull</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">TOSF</a></span> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</span></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">

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</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Catalan:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ca-Latn-fonipa">[rəˈmoɲ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈʎuʎ]</span>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1232</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 1316),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sometimes anglicized as <b>Raymond Lully</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="Mallorca" title="Mallorca">Mallorcan</a> Catholic philosopher, <a href="Theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Theologian">theologian</a>, <a href="Poet" title="Poet">poet</a>, <a href="Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a>, <a href="Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">apologist</a> and former knight. He invented a philosophical system known as the <i>Art</i>, conceived as a type of universal logic to prove the truth of Christian doctrine to interlocutors of all faiths and nationalities. The <i>Art</i> consists of a set of general principles and combinatorial operations. It is illustrated with diagrams.

</p><p>A prolific writer, he is also known for his literary works written in <a href="Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, which he composed to make his <i>Art</i> accessible to a wider audience. In addition to Catalan and <a href="Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, he also probably wrote in <a href="Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> (although no texts in Arabic survive). His books were translated into <a href="Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>, <a href="French_language" title="French language">French</a>, and <a href="Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Castilian</a> during his lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadiaSantanachSoler2016_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadiaSantanachSoler2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Although his work did not enjoy huge success during his lifetime, he has had a rich and continuing reception. In the early modern period his name became associated with <a href="Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemical works</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPereira1989_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPereira1989-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently he has been recognized as a precursor of the modern field of <a href="Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">social choice theory</a>, 450 years before <a href="Jean-Charles_de_Borda" title="Jean-Charles de Borda">Borda</a> and <a href="Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a>'s investigations reopened the field.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His ideas also prefigured the development of <a href="Computation_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Computation theory">computation theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Philosophy,_Vol_1958_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philosophy,_Vol_1958-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2007290_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2007290-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-knuth_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knuth-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Venerated as a saintly figure in the <a href="Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, he was <a href="Beatification" title="Beatification">beatified</a> by <a href="Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> in 1847. He was a member of the <a href="Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Third Order of Saint Francis</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_family">Early life and family</h3></div>

<p>Llull was born in <a href="Palma_de_Mallorca" title="Palma de Mallorca">Palma</a> into a wealthy family of <a href="Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> patricians who had come to the <a href="Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Kingdom of Majorca</a> in 1229 with the conquering armies of <a href="James_I_of_Aragon" title="James I of Aragon">James I of Aragon</a>. James I had <a href="Reconquista" title="Reconquista">conquered</a> the formerly <a href="Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a>-ruled Majorca as part of a larger move to integrate the territories of the <a href="Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a> (now part of <a href="Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>) into the <a href="Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a>. Llull was born there a few years later, in 1232 or 1233. Muslims still constituted a large part of the population of Majorca and Jews were present in cultural and economic affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner20071_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner20071-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1257 Llull married Blanca Picany, with whom he had two children, Domènec and Magdalena.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he formed a family, he lived what he would later call the licentious and worldly life of a <a href="Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadour</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_calling">Religious calling</h3></div>

<p>In 1263 Llull experienced a series of <a href="Vision_(spirituality)" title="Vision (spirituality)">visions</a>. He narrates the event in his autobiography <i>Vita coaetanea</i> ("A Contemporary Life"):

</p>

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Ramon, while still a young man and Seneschal to the King of Majorca, was very given to composing worthless songs and poems and to doing other licentious things. One night he was sitting beside his bed, about to compose and write in his vulgar tongue a song to a lady whom he loved with a foolish love; and as he began to write this song, he looked to his right and saw our Lord <a href="Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> on the Cross, as if suspended in mid-air.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner198510–11_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner198510–11-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote>

<p>The vision came to Llull five times in all and inspired in him three intentions: to give up his soul for the sake of God's love and honor, to convert the <a href="Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracens</a> (i.e., Arabs and/or Muslims) to Christianity, and write the best book in the world against the errors of the unbelievers.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Following his visions he sold his possessions on the model of Saint <a href="Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a> and set out on pilgrimages to the shrines of Saint Mary of <a href="Rocamadour" title="Rocamadour">Rocamadour</a>, <a href="James_the_Great" title="James the Great">Saint James</a>, and other places, never to come back to his family and profession. When he returned to Majorca he purchased a Muslim slave in order to learn Arabic from him.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the next nine years, until 1274, he engaged in study and contemplation in relative solitude. He read extensively in both Latin and Arabic, learning both Christian and Muslim theological and philosophical thought.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1270 Llull founded the hermitage of the Holy Trinity in Mallorca, known as Miramar.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Between 1271 and 1274 Llull wrote his first works, a compendium of the Muslim thinker <a href="Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a>'s logic and the <i>Llibre de contemplació en Déu</i> (<i>Book on the Contemplation of God</i>), a lengthy guide to finding truth through contemplation.

</p><p>In 1274, while staying at a hermitage on <a href="Puig_de_Randa" title="Puig de Randa">Puig de Randa</a>, the form of the great book Llull was to write was finally given to him through divine revelation: a complex system that he named his <i>Art</i>, which would become the motivation behind most of his life's efforts.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Missionary_work_and_education">Missionary work and education</h3></div>

<p>Llull urged the study of Arabic and other languages in Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-Johnston1996_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnston1996-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in order to convert Muslims and schismatic Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-Blum2013_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blum2013-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He travelled through Europe to meet <a href="Pope" title="Pope">popes</a>, kings, and princes, trying to establish special colleges to prepare future missionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1276 a language school for Franciscan missionaries was founded at Miramar, funded by the King of Majorca.<sup id="cite_ref-univbarc_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-univbarc-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>About 1291 he went to Tunis, preached to the Saracens, disputed with them in philosophy, and after another brief sojourn in Paris, returned to the East as a missionary.<sup id="cite_ref-Turner_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Llull travelled to Tunis a second time in about 1304, and wrote numerous letters to the king of Tunis, but little else is known about this part of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-Classen2018_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Classen2018-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner198510–11,_34–37_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner198510–11,_34–37-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>He returned in 1308, reporting that the conversion of Muslims should be achieved through prayer, not through military force. He finally achieved his goal of linguistic education at major universities in 1311 when the <a href="Council_of_Vienne" title="Council of Vienne">Council of Vienne</a> ordered the creation of chairs of <a href="Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, <a href="Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and Chaldean (<a href="Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>) at the universities of <a href="Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, <a href="Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, Paris, and <a href="Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a> as well as at the Papal Court.<sup id="cite_ref-Classen2018_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Classen2018-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3></div>

<p>In 1314, at the age of 82, Llull traveled again to Tunis, possibly prompted by the correspondence between <a href="James_II_of_Aragon" title="James II of Aragon">King James II of Aragon</a> and <a href="Abd_al-Wahid_Zakariya_ibn_al-Lihyani" title="Abd al-Wahid Zakariya ibn al-Lihyani">al-Lihyani</a>, the <a href="Hafsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafsid">Hafsid</a> <a href="Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliph</a>, indicating that the caliph wished to convert to Christianity. Whereas Llull had been met with difficulties during his previous visits to North Africa, he was allowed to operate this time without interference from the authorities due to the improved relations between Tunis and Aragon.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>His last work is dated December 1315 in Tunis. The circumstances of his death remain unknown. He probably died sometime between then and March 1316, either in Tunis, on the ship on the return voyage, or in Majorca upon his return.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Llull's tomb, created in 1448, is in the Franciscan church in Palma, Majorca.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veneration">Veneration</h2></div>

<p>Venerated as a saintly figure, Llull was officially considered for <a href="Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a> after his death. He was <a href="Beatification" title="Beatification">beatified</a> on 11 September 1847 by <a href="Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Llull's_Art">Llull's <i>Art</i></h3></div>

<p>Llull's <i>Art</i> (in Latin <i>Ars</i>) is at the center of his thought and undergirds his entire corpus. It is a system of universal logic based on a set of general principles activated in a combinatorial process. It can be used to prove statements about God and Creation (e.g., God is a Trinity). Often the <i>Art</i> formulates these statements as questions and answers (e.g., Q: Is there a Trinity in God? A: Yes.). It works cumulatively through an iterative process; statements about God's nature must be proved for each of His essential attributes in order to prove the statement true for God (i.e., Goodness is threefold, Greatness is threefold, Eternity is threefold, Power is threefold, etc.).

</p><p>What sets Llull's system apart is its unusual use of letters and diagrams, giving it an algebraic or algorithmic character. He developed the <i>Art</i> over the course of many decades, writing new books to explain each new version. The <i>Art</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s trajectory can be divided into two main phases, although each phase contains numerous variations. The first is sometimes called the Quaternary Phase (1274 - 1290) and the second the Ternary Phase (1290 - 1308). This terminology was coined by Anthony Bonner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2007121_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2007121-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quaternary_Phase">Quaternary Phase</h4></div>

<p>The two main works of the Quaternary Phase are the <i>Ars compendiosa inveniendi veritatem</i> (ca. 1274) and the <i>Ars demonstrativa</i> (ca. 1283).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner200726_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner200726-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Ars demonstrativa</i> has twelve main figures. A set of sixteen principles, or 'dignities' (divine attributes) comprise the general foundation for the system's operation. These principles are displayed in the first figure (Figure A) and assigned letters (B through R). The rest of the figures enable the user to combine these principles to demonstrate the truth of statements. Figure T, for instance, contains "relative principles" (i.e.: minority, majority, equality, etc.), also assigned letters. Figure S displays the Augustinian powers of the soul (will, intellect, and memory) and their acts (willing, understanding, and remembering).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ternary_Phase">Ternary Phase</h4></div>

<p>Llull inaugurated the Ternary Phase with two works written in 1290: the <i>Ars inventiva veritatis</i> and the <i>Art amativa</i> (or <i>Ars amativa boni</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2007121_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2007121-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The culmination of this phase came in 1308 with a finalized version of the <i>Art</i> called the <i>Ars generalis ultima</i>. In the same year Llull wrote an abbreviated version called the <i>Ars brevis</i>. In these works Llull revised the <i>Art</i> to have only four main figures. He reduced the number of divine principles in the first figure to nine (goodness, greatness, eternity, power, wisdom, will, virtue, truth, glory). Figure T also now has nine relational principles (difference, concordance, contrariety, beginning, middle, end, majority, equality, minority), reduced from fifteen. Llull kept the combinatorial aspect of the process.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Correlatives">Correlatives</h4></div>

<p>Llull introduced an aspect of the system called the "correlatives" just before the final transition to the Ternary Phase. The correlatives first appear in a work called the <i>Lectura super figuras Artis demonstrativae</i> (c. 1285-7) and came to undergird his formulation of the <a href="Ontology" title="Ontology">nature of being</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The doctrine of correlatives stipulates that everything, at the level of being, has a threefold structure: agent, patient, act. For example, the divine principle "goodness" consists of "that which does good" (agent), "that which receives good" (patient), and "to do good" (act). Llull developed a system of Latin suffixes to express the correlatives, i.e. <i>bonitas</i> (goodness); <i>bonificans</i>, <i>bonificatus</i>, <i>bonificare</i>. This became the basis for proving that the divine principles are distinct yet equivalent in God (each principle has the same underlying threefold structure, yet retains its own unique correlatives). This supports the combinatorial operation of the <i>Art</i> (i.e., this means that in God goodness <i>is</i> greatness and greatness <i>is</i> goodness, goodness <i>is</i> eternity and eternity <i>is</i> goodness, etc.), the Lullian proof of the <a href="Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> (each divine principle has the three correlatives, and together the principles comprise the Godhead; therefore, the Godhead is threefold) and the <a href="Incarnation" title="Incarnation">Incarnation</a> (the active and passive correlatives are equivalent to matter and form, and the trinitarian unfolding of being occurs on all levels of reality).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPring-Mill1955_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPring-Mill1955-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Within this framework, <i>Liber Chaos</i>—a section of the <i>Lectura</i>—explores the concept of primordial chaos as the initial state of creation, whereat divine principles had yet to impose order upon formless potential. Llull's treatment of chaos aligns with his system of correlatives, suggesting that chaos itself contains within it the active force of divine causation, the passive potential of undifferentiated being, and the act of transformation by which it becomes structured reality. This concept—though philosophical, in Llull’s system—bears a striking resemblance to alchemical notions of <i><a href="Prima_materia" title="Prima materia">prima materia</a></i>, the raw substance from which all transmutations arise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2007107–108_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2007107–108-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_works">Other works</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Influence_of_Islam_and_early_works">Influence of Islam and early works</h4></div>

<p>It has been pointed out that the <i>Art</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s combinatorial mechanics bear a resemblance to <a href="Zairja" title="Zairja">zairja</a>, a device used by medieval Arab astrologers.<sup id="cite_ref-link_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-link-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELohr198464–65_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELohr198464–65-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Art's reliance on divine attributes also has a certain similarity to the contemplation of the <a href="Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">ninety-nine Names of God</a> in the Muslim tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELohr198463_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELohr198463-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Llull's familiarity with the Islamic intellectual tradition is evidenced by the fact that his first work (1271-2) was a compendium of <a href="Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a>'s logic.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dialogues">Dialogues</h4></div>

<p>From early in his career Llull composed dialogues to enact the procedure of the <i>Art</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is linked to the missionary aspect of the <i>Art</i>; Llull conceived of it as an instrument to convert all peoples of the world to Christianity, and experimented with more popular genres to make it easier to understand. His earliest and most well-known dialogue is the <i><a href="Book_of_the_Gentile_and_the_Three_Wise_Men" title="Book of the Gentile and the Three Wise Men">Book of the Gentile and the Three Wise Men</a></i>, written in Catalan in the 1270s and later translated into Latin. It is framed as a meeting of three wise men (a Muslim, a Jew, and a Christian) and a Gentile in the woods. They learn about the Lullian method when they encounter a set of trees with leaves inscribed with Lullian principles. Lady Intelligence appears and informs them of the properties of the trees and the rules for implementing the leaves. The wise men use the trees to prove their respective Articles of Faith to the Gentile (although some of the Islamic tenets cannot be proved with the Lullian procedure), and in the end the Gentile is converted to Christianity.

</p><p>Llull subsequently composed many other dialogues. Later in his career, when he became concerned with heretical activity in the Arts Faculty of the University of Paris, he wrote "disputations" with philosophers as interlocutors.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also created a character for himself, and he stars in many of these dialogues as the Christian wise man (for instance: <i>Liber de quaestione valde alta et profunda</i>, composed in 1311).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tree_diagrams">Tree diagrams</h4></div>

<p>Llull structured many of his works around trees. In some, like the <i>Book of the Gentile and the Three Wise Men</i>, the "leaves" of the trees stand for the combinatorial elements (principles) of the <i>Art</i>. In other works a series of trees shows how the <i>Art</i> generates all ("encyclopedic") knowledge. The <i><a href="Tree_of_Science_(Ramon_Llull)" title="Tree of Science (Ramon Llull)">Tree of Science</a></i> (1295-6) comprises sixteen trees ranging from earthly and moral to divine and pedagogical.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each tree is divided into seven parts (roots, trunk, branches, twigs, leaves, flowers, fruits). The roots always consist of the Lullian divine principles and from there the tree grows into the differentiated aspects of its respective category of reality.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proverbs">Proverbs</h4></div>

<p>Llull wrote several books of proverbs in Catalan, to make it easier for local people to read. <i><a href="The_Book_of_One_Thousand_Proverbs" title="The Book of One Thousand Proverbs">The Book of One Thousand Proverbs</a></i>, written in 1302, compiled maxims that encompassed various fields: theology, philosophy, morality, social life, and practical life. The main virtues noted of Llull's proverbs are concision, didactic simplicity, and musicality.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Novels">Novels</h4></div>

<p>Llull also wrote narrative prose drawing on the literary traditions of his time (<a href="Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic</a>, <a href="Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">romance</a>) to express the <i>Art</i>. These works were intended to communicate the potentially complex operations of the <i>Art</i> to a lay audience. <i><a href="Blanquerna" title="Blanquerna">Blanquerna</a></i> (c.1276-83) is the [?] of his novels; <i>Felix</i> (1287-9) is also notable, though it was not widely circulated during his lifetime and was only available in Catalan. It is a <i><a href="Bildungsroman" title="Bildungsroman">Bildungsroman</a></i>, of sorts, in which the titular <a href="Protagonist" title="Protagonist">protagonist</a> sets out on a journey at the instigation of his father, who has written a "Book of Wonders". The book is divided into ten chapters—echoing the encyclopedic range of the <i>Tree of Science</i>—as Felix gains knowledge of God, <a href="Angel" title="Angel">angels</a>, heavens, elements, <a href="Plant" title="Plant">plants</a>, minerals, <a href="Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>, <a href="Human" title="Human">man</a>, <a href="Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a>, and <a href="Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>. Felix's journey ends at a <a href="Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a>, where he relates the "Book of Wonders"—now embellished and fused with the account of his own adventures.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Lullism" title="Lullism">Lullism</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval">Medieval</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Academic_theology">Academic theology</h4></div>

<p>According to Llull's autobiographical <i>Vita</i>, his <i>Art</i> was not received well at the University of Paris when he first presented it there in the 1280s. This experience supposedly is what led him to revise the <i>Art</i> (creating the tertiary version). Llull's <i>Art</i> was never adopted by mainstream academia of the thirteenth and early-fourteenth centuries, but it did accrue quite a bit of interest. A significant number of Lullian manuscripts were collected by the <a href="Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusian</a> monks of Paris at Vauvert and by several theologians who donated their manuscripts to the <a href="College_of_Sorbonne" title="College of Sorbonne">Sorbonne</a> Library. One disciple, Thomas Le Myésier, went so far as to create elaborate compilations of Llull's works, including a manuscript dedicated to the <a href="Joan_II%2C_Countess_of_Burgundy" title="Joan II, Countess of Burgundy">queen of France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHillgarth1971_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillgarth1971-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opposition">Opposition</h4></div>

<p>In the 1360s the inquisitor <a href="Nicholas_Eymerich" title="Nicholas Eymerich">Nicholas Eymerich</a> condemned Lullism in Aragon. He obtained a <a href="Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> in 1376 to prohibit Lullian teaching, although it proved ineffective. In Paris <a href="Jean_Gerson" title="Jean Gerson">Jean Gerson</a> also issued a series of polemical writings against Lullism. There was an official document issued to prohibit the Lullian <i>Art</i> from being taught in the Faculty of Theology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHillgarth1971269_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillgarth1971269-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern">Early modern</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Academic_theology_2">Academic theology</h4></div>

<p>Llull's most significant early modern proponent was <a href="Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a>. He collected many works by Llull and adapted many aspects of Lullian thought for his own mystical theology.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was also growing interest in Lullism in Catalonia, Italy, and France. <a href="Jacques_Lef%C3%A8vre_d'%C3%89taples" title="Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples">Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples</a> published eight of Llull's books in 1499, 1505, and 1516. Lefèvre was therefore responsible for the first significant circulation of Llull's work in print outside of Catalonia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHillgarth1971284_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillgarth1971284-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought that the influence of Lullian works in Renaissance Italy (coinciding with the rise of <a href="Platonism_in_the_Renaissance" title="Platonism in the Renaissance">neoplatonism</a>) contributed to a development in metaphysics, from a static Artistotelian notion of being to reality as a dynamic process.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Northern and Central Europe Lullism was adopted by Lutherans and Calvinists interested in promoting programs of theological humanism. <a href="Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Leibniz</a> was exposed to these currents during his years in Mainz, and Llull's <i>Art</i> clearly informed his <i><a href="De_Arte_Combinatoria" title="De Arte Combinatoria">De Arte Combinatoria</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pseudo-Lullian_Alchemy_and_Encyclopedism">Pseudo-Lullian Alchemy and Encyclopedism</h4></div>

<p>There is a significant body of alchemical treatises falsely attributed to Llull. The two fundamental works of the corpus are the <i>Testamentum</i> and the <i>Liber de secretis naturae seu de quinta essentia</i> which both date to the fourteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occultists such as <a href="Heinrich_Cornelius_Agrippa" title="Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa">Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa</a> and <a href="Giordano_Bruno" title="Giordano Bruno">Giordano Bruno</a> were inspired by these works.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYates1964308–309_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYates1964308–309-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Llull's growing identification with alchemy and Neoplatonic mysticism, others (such as <a href="Giulio_Pace" title="Giulio Pace">Giulio Pace</a> and <a href="Johann_Heinrich_Alsted" title="Johann Heinrich Alsted">Johann Heinrich Alsted</a>) were still interested in the Lullian <i>Art</i> as a universal logic, even in the seventeenth century when <a href="Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a> and <a href="Petrus_Ramus" title="Petrus Ramus">Ramus</a> proposed competing systems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHillgarth1971297_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillgarth1971297-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iberian_Revival_and_beatification">Iberian Revival and beatification</h4></div>

<p>Meanwhile, in Spain, the Cardinal <a href="Francisco_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Cisneros" title="Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros">Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros</a>, Archbishop of Toledo, had taken up Lullism for his project of reform. Cisneros mobilized various intellectuals and editors, founding chairs at universities and publishing Llull's works.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Founded in 1633, the Pontifical College of La Sapiencia on Majorca became the epicenter for teaching Lullism. The Franciscans from La Sapiencia were the ones to seek Llull's canonization at Rome in the seventeenth century. These efforts were renewed in the eighteenth century, but never succeeded.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Llull was <a href="Beatification" title="Beatification">beatified</a> in 1847 by <a href="Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a>. His <a href="Feast_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast day">feast day</a> was assigned to 30 June and is celebrated by the <a href="Third_Order_of_St._Francis" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Order of St. Francis">Third Order of St. Francis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-habig_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-habig-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twentieth_and_twenty-first_centuries">Twentieth and twenty-first centuries</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scholarship">Scholarship</h4></div>

<p>Llull is now recognized by scholars as significant in both the history of Catalan literature as well as intellectual history. From 1906 to 1950 the Comissió Editora Lul·liana led a project to edit Llull's works written in Catalan. This series was called the Obres de Ramon Llull (ORL). In 1957 the Raimundus-Lullus-Institut was founded in Freiburg, Germany to begin the work of editing Llull's Latin works. This series is called the Raimundi Lulli Opera Latina (ROL) and is still ongoing.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990 the work on the Catalan texts was restarted with the Nova Edició de les Obres de Ramon Llull (NEORL).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the world of English-language scholarship on memory systems, the work of <a href="Frances_Yates" title="Frances Yates">Frances Yates</a> (<a href="#CITEREFYates1966">Yates 1966</a>) brought new interest to Ramon Llull as a figure in the history of cognitive systems.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Art_and_fiction">Art and fiction</h4></div>

<p>Llull has appeared in the art and literature of the last century, especially in the genres of <a href="Surrealism" title="Surrealism">surrealism</a>, <a href="Philosophical_fiction" title="Philosophical fiction">philosophical fantasy</a>, and <a href="Metafiction" title="Metafiction">metafiction</a>. <a href="Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a>'s alchemical thought was influenced by Ramon Llull and Dalí incorporated the diagrams from the Lullian <i>Art</i> into his work called <i>Alchimie des Philosophes</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1937 <a href="Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a> wrote a snippet called "Ramon Llull's Thinking Machine" proposing the Lullian <i>Art</i> as a device to produce poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other notable references to Ramon Llull are: <a href="Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a>'s short story <i>The Death of Lully</i>, a fictionalized account aftermath of Llull's stoning in Tunis, set aboard the Genoese ship that returned him to Mallorca.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Paul_Auster" title="Paul Auster">Paul Auster</a> refers to Llull (as Raymond Lull) in his memoir <i><a href="The_Invention_of_Solitude" title="The Invention of Solitude">The Invention of Solitude</a></i> in the second part, <i>The Book of Memory</i>. Llull is also a major character in <i><a href="The_Box_of_Delights" title="The Box of Delights">The Box of Delights</a></i>, a children's novel by poet <a href="John_Masefield" title="John Masefield">John Masefield</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_recognition">Other recognition</h4></div>

<p>Llull's <i>Art</i> is sometimes recognized as a precursor to <a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> and computation theory.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the discovery in 2001 of his lost manuscripts, <i>Ars notandi</i>, <i>Ars eleccionis</i>, and <i>Alia ars eleccionis</i>, together known as <i>Ars Magna</i> (what today would be called a logical system to discover some sort of truth),<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Llull is also given credit for creating an <a href="Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">electoral system</a> now known as the <a href="Borda_count" title="Borda count">Borda count</a> and <a href="Condorcet_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Condorcet criterion">Condorcet criterion</a>, which <a href="Jean-Charles_de_Borda" title="Jean-Charles de Borda">Jean-Charles de Borda</a> and <a href="Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Nicolas de Condorcet</a> independently proposed centuries later.<sup id="cite_ref-Hagele_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hagele-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translations">Translations</h2></div>

<ul><li><i>Ramon Llull's New Rhetoric</i>, text and translation of Llull's 'Rethorica Nova', edited and translated by Mark D. Johnston, Davis, California: Hermagoras Press, 1994</li>

<li><i>Selected Works of Ramon Llull (1232‑1316)</i>, edited and translated by Anthony Bonner, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press 1985, two volumes XXXI + 1330 pp. (Contents: vol. 1: <i>The Book of the Gentile and the Three Wise Men</i>, pp. 93–305; <i>Ars Demonstrativa</i>, pp. 317–567; <i>Ars Brevis</i>, pp. 579–646; vol. 2: <i>Felix: or the Book of Wonders</i>, pp. 659–1107; <i>Principles of Medicine</i> pp. 1119–1215; <i>Flowers of Love and Flowers of Intelligence</i>, pp. 1223–1256)</li>

<li><i>Doctor Illuminatus: A Ramon Llull Reader</i>, edited and translated by Anthony Bonner, with a new translation of <i>The Book of the Lover and the Beloved</i> by Eve Bonner, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press 1994. Includes <i>The Book of the Gentile and the Three Wise Men</i>, <i>The Book of the Lover and the Beloved</i>, <i>The Book of the Beasts</i>, and <i>Ars brevis</i>; as well as Bonner's "Historical Background and Life" at 1–44, "Llull's Thought" at 45–56, "Llull's Influence: The History of Lullism" at 57–71.</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Apologetics" title="Apologetics">Apologetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Catalan_literature" title="Catalan literature">Catalan literature</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science" title="List of pioneers in computer science">List of pioneers in computer science</a></li>

<li><a href="Lullism" title="Lullism">Lullism</a></li>

<li><a href="Volvelle" title="Volvelle">Volvelle</a></li>

<li><a href="Book_of_the_Dispute_of_Raymond_the_Christian_and_Omar_the_Saracen" title="Book of the Dispute of Raymond the Christian and Omar the Saracen">Book of the Dispute of Raymond the Christian and Omar the Saracen</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Born 1232 per Mark D. Johnston in <i><a href="Routledge_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i> (London: Routledge, 1998). Older sources (such as versions of <i><a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> at least up to 1955) give 1235; the current <i>Britannica</i> gives 1232–1233.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Variously <a href="Onomastic_Latinization" class="mw-redirect" title="Onomastic Latinization">latinized</a> as <i>Raimundus</i>/<i>Raymundus Lullus</i>/<i>Lulius</i>/<i>Lullius</i>.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFHailstone1871" class="citation journal cs1">Hailstone (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/05fd54736fed39e1/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2190">"Raymond Lully"</a>. <i>The University Magazine</i>. <b>78</b> (463): 78(463), <span class="nowrap">43–</span>60.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadiaSantanachSoler2016-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadiaSantanachSoler2016_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBadiaSantanachSoler2016">Badia, Santanach & Soler 2016</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPereira1989-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPereira1989_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPereira1989">Pereira 1989</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George G. Szpiro, "Numbers Rule: The Vexing Mathematics of Democracy, from Plato to the Present" (2010).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFColomer2013" class="citation journal cs1">Colomer, Josep M. (2013-02-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00355-011-0598-2">"Ramon Llull: from 'Ars electionis' to social choice theory"</a>. <i>Social Choice and Welfare</i>. <b>40</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">317–</span>328. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00355-011-0598-2">10.1007/s00355-011-0598-2</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1432-217X">1432-217X</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Philosophy,_Vol_1958-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Philosophy,_Vol_1958_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The History of Philosophy, Vol. IV: Modern Philosophy: From Descartes to Leibniz</i> by <a href="Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Frederick C. Copleston</a> (1958).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2007290-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2007290_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBonner2007">Bonner 2007</a>, p. 290.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-knuth-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-knuth_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_Knuth2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald Knuth</a> (2006), <i><a href="The_Art_of_Computer_Programming" title="The Art of Computer Programming">The Art of Computer Programming</a>: Generating all trees</i>, vol. <span class="nowrap">4–</span>4, Addison-Wesley Professional, p. 56, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-321-33570-8</bdi></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner20071-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner20071_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBonner2007">Bonner 2007</a>, p. 1.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLlullRamis_Barceló2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Llull, Ramon; Ramis Barceló, Rafael (2011). "Estudio preliminar". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://e-archivo.uc3m.es/rest/api/core/bitstreams/fb4d5706-e948-44a6-a555-ccb983ae8117/content"><i>Arte de derecho</i></a> (in Spanish). Editorial Dykinson. p. 17. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-84-15454-34-2</bdi>. <q>Ramon contrajo matrimonio con una mujer de su misma posición -Blanca Picany- y tuvieron dos hijos, Domènec y Magdalena.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPriani2021" class="citation book cs1">Priani, Ernesto (2021). "Ramon Llull". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/Entries/llull/"><i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i></a>. Stanford University. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1095-5054">1095-5054</a>. <q>In 1257 he married Blanca Picany, who belonged to another Catalan family settled in Majorca, with whom he had two children, Domènec and Magdalena.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHoussaye2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Houssaye, Jean (2011). "Ramon Llull". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d1DjPdFEB48C"><i>Prémiers pedagogues: de l'Antiquité a la Renaissance</i></a> (in French). Elsevier. p. 190. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-2710115465</bdi>. <q>Pendant cette même année 1257, il écrivit la Doctrina Pueril, son premiére grand ouvrage pédagogique, qu'il dédie à son fils, Domènec.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFidora2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fidora, Alexander (2020). "Ramon Llull: Doctrina Pueril". <i>Kindlers Literatur Lexikon</i> (in German). Springer. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-476-05728-0</bdi>. <q>Die pädagogisch-katechetische Abhandlung entstand 1274 bis 1276 vermutlich auf Mallorca. Das Werk, das Llull seinem Sohn Domènec widmete, [...]</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160410135408/http://anyllull.cat/l-autor/cronologia">"Cronologia"</a>. <i>Any Llull (Generalitat de Catalunya – Institut Ramon Llull – Govern de les Illes Balears)</i> (in Catalan). Year 1257. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anyllull.cat/l-autor/cronologia">the original</a> on 2016-04-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-25</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.escriptors.cat/autors/llullr/biografia-ramon-llull">"Biografia Ramon Llull"</a>. <i>Associació d'Escriptors en Llengua Catalana</i> (in Catalan)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-25</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner198510–11-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner198510–11_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBonner1985">Bonner 1985</a>, pp. 10–11.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLlull2010" class="citation book cs1">Llull, Ramon (2010). <i>A Contemporary Life, Edited and translated by Anthony Bonner</i>. Barcelona/Woodbridge: Tamesis. pp. <span class="nowrap">33–</span>35. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781855661998</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLlull2010" class="citation book cs1">Llull, Ramon (2010). <i>A Contemporary Life, Edited and translated by Anthony Bonner</i>. Barcelona/Woodbridge: Tamesis. pp. <span class="nowrap">37–</span>39. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781855661998</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Churchill, Leigh (2004). The Age of Knights & Friars, Popes & Reformers. Milton Keynes: Authentic Media. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-84227-279-9</bdi>, 9781842272794. p. 190</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xmallorca.com/mallorca-churches-cathedrals/ermita-de-la-trinitat-hermitage-of-the-holy-trinity">"Ermita de la Trinitat (Hermitage of the Holy Trinity) | Mallorca Guide, Tourist Attractions, Map"</a>. <i>Mallorca Guide, Tourist Attractions, Map</i>. 2019-01-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-22</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Johnston1996-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnston1996_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMark_David_Johnston1996" class="citation book cs1">Mark David Johnston (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rILmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9"><i>The Evangelical Rhetoric of Ramon Llull: Lay Learning and Piety in the Christian West Around 1300</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 9–. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-509005-5</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Blum2013-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blum2013_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBlum,_Paul_Richard2013" class="citation book cs1">Blum, Paul Richard (28 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GQBpfzln0zkC&pg=PA1"><i>Philosophy of Religion in the Renaissance</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 1–. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4094-8071-6</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Richard Blum: Philosophy of Religion in the Renaissance. Ashgate 2010, 1-14</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-univbarc-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-univbarc_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130313073343/http://quisestlullus.narpan.net/eng/1_intro_eng.html">""Who was Ramon Llull?", Centre de Documentació Ramon Llull, Universitat de Barcelona"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quisestlullus.narpan.net/eng/1_intro_eng.html">the original</a> on 2013-03-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-29</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Turner-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Turner_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12670c.htm">Turner, William. "Raymond Lully." The Catholic Encyclopedia</a> Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 31 January 2019</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Classen2018-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Classen2018_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Classen2018_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAlbrecht_Classen2018" class="citation book cs1">Albrecht Classen (5 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E1NPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT280"><i>Toleration and Tolerance in Medieval European Literature</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 280–. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-351-00106-9</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner198510–11,_34–37-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner198510–11,_34–37_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBonner1985">Bonner 1985</a>, pp. 10–11, 34–37.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLower2009" class="citation journal cs1">Lower, Michael (2009). "Ibn al-Lihyani: sultan of Tunis and would-be Christian convert (1311–18)". <i>Mediterranean Historical Review</i>. <b>24</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">17–</span>27. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09518960903000744">10.1080/09518960903000744</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161432419">161432419</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLlull2010" class="citation book cs1">Llull, Ramon (2010). <i>A Contemporary Life, Edited and translated by Anthony Bonner</i>. Barcelona/Woodbridge: Tamesis. pp. <span class="nowrap">10–</span>11. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781855661998</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.illesbalears.travel/tourist-resource/en/mallorca/church-basilica-sant-francesc">"Basilica Sant Francesc", Illes Balears</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2007121-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2007121_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2007121_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBonner2007">Bonner 2007</a>, p. 121.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner200726-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner200726_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBonner2007">Bonner 2007</a>, p. 26.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gayà, Jordi (1979). “La teoría luliana de los correlativos. Historia de su formación conceptual.” Universität Freiburg im Breisgau.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPring-Mill1955-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPring-Mill1955_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPring-Mill1955">Pring-Mill 1955</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2007107–108-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2007107–108_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBonner2007">Bonner 2007</a>, pp. 107–108.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-link-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-link_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Link, David (2010). "Scrambling T-R-U-T-H: Rotating Letters as a Material Form of Thought", in: <i>Variantology 4. On Deep Time Relations of Arts, Sciences and Technologies in the Arabic–Islamic World</i>, eds. Siegfried Zielinski and Eckhard Fürlus (Cologne: König, 2010): 215–266</span>

</li>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLohr1967" class="citation book cs1">Lohr, Charles (1967). <i>Raimundus Lullus' Compendium Logicae Algazelis. Quellen, Lehre und Stellung in der Geschichte der Logik</i>. Thesis, Freiburg im Breisgau. pp. <span class="nowrap">93–</span>130.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFriedlein2004" class="citation book cs1">Friedlein, Roger (2004). <i>Der Dialog bei Ramon Llull: Literarische Gestaltung als apologetische Strategie</i>. Tübingen: M. Niemeyer. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>3484523182</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Steenberghen1960" class="citation journal cs1">van Steenberghen, Fernand (1960). "La signification de l'oeuvre anti-averroiste de Raymond Lull". <i>Estudios Lulianos</i>. <b>4</b>: <span class="nowrap">113–</span>28.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Imbach, Ruedi (1987). “Lulle face aux Averroïstes parisiens,” in <i>Raymond Lulle et le pays d’Oc</i>. Toulouse: Privat, pp. 261–82.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">English translation by Yanis Dambergs: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://lullianarts.narpan.net/TreeOfScience/TreeOfScience-1.pdf">https://lullianarts.narpan.net/TreeOfScience/TreeOfScience-1.pdf</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://lullianarts.narpan.net/TreeOfScience/TreeOfScience2.pdf">https://lullianarts.narpan.net/TreeOfScience/TreeOfScience2.pdf</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthony Bonner, "The structure of the Arbor scientiae". Arbor Scientiae: der Baum des Wissens von Ramon Lull. Akten des Internationalen Kongresses aus Anlass des 40-jährigen Jubiläums des Raimundus-Lullus-Instituts der Universität Freiburg i. Br., ed. Fernando Domínguez Reboiras, Pere Villalba Varneda and Peter Walter, "Instrumenta Patristica et Mediaevalia. Subsidia Lulliana" 1 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2002), pp. 21-34.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDominguez" class="citation web cs1">Dominguez, Fernando. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ub.edu/llulldb/bo.asp?bo=II%2EB%2E15">"Felix Summary"</a>. <i>Ramon Llull Database</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillgarth1971-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHillgarth1971_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHillgarth1971">Hillgarth 1971</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillgarth1971269-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHillgarth1971269_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHillgarth1971">Hillgarth 1971</a>, p. 269.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colomer, Eusebio (1961). Nikolaus von Kues und Raimund Llull. Berlin: De Gruyter.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillgarth1971284-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHillgarth1971284_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHillgarth1971">Hillgarth 1971</a>, p. 284.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lohr, Charles (1988). “Metaphysics.” In The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy, edited by C. B. Schmitt, Quentin Skinner, Eckhard Kessler, and Jill Kraye, 537–638. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramis Barceló, Rafael (2019). "Academic Lullism from the Fourteenth to the Eighteenth Century," in A Companion to Ramon Llull and Lullism. Leiden: Brill, p. 458.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pereira, Michela (1990). "Lullian Alchemy: Aspects and Problems of the corpus of Alchemical Works Attributed to Ramon Llull." Catalan Review, Vol. IV, 1-2: 41-54.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYates1964308–309-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYates1964308–309_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYates1964">Yates 1964</a>, pp. 308–309.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillgarth1971297-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHillgarth1971297_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHillgarth1971">Hillgarth 1971</a>, p. 297.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rubí, L. B. (2018). " Lullism among French and Spanish Humanists of the Early 16th Century". In A Companion to Ramon Llull and Lullism. Leiden: Brill.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramis Barceló, R. (2018). "Chapter 12 Academic Lullism from the Fourteenth to the Eighteenth Century". In A Companion to Ramon Llull and Lullism. Leiden: Brill.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-habig-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-habig_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Habig, Marion. (Ed.). (1959). <i>The Franciscan Book of Saints</i>. Franciscan Herald Press.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theol.uni-freiburg.de/disciplinae/dqtm/forschung/raimundus-lullus/kritische-edition">"RAIMVNDI LVLLI Opera latina"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://manicula.narpan.net/nova-edicio-de-les-obres-de-ramon-llull-neorl">"Nova Edició de les Obres de Ramon Llull (NEORL)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libmedia.willamette.edu/hfma/omeka/exhibits/show/salvador-dali--alchimie-des-ph">"SALVADOR DALÍ: ALCHIMIE DES PHILOSOPHES"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Ramon Llull's Thinking Machine" in <cite id="CITEREFBorges1999" class="citation book cs1">Borges, Jorge Luis (1999). <i>Selected Non-fictions</i>. New York: Viking. pp. <span class="nowrap">155–</span>159.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHuxley1920" class="citation book cs1">Huxley, Aldous (1920). <i>Limbo</i>. Chatto & Windus.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sales, Ton (2011). “Llull as Computer Scientist, or Why Llull Was One of Us.” In Ramon Llull. From the Ars Magna to Artificial Intelligence, edited by Alexander Fido and Carles Sierra. Barcelona: Artificial Intelligence Research Institute, 25–38.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPriani2021" class="citation cs2">Priani, Ernesto (2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2021/entries/llull/">"Ramon Llull"</a>, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Spring 2021 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-05</span></span></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Hagele-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hagele_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFG._HägeleF._Pukelsheim2001" class="citation journal cs1">G. Hägele & F. Pukelsheim (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060207154726/http://www.math.uni-augsburg.de/stochastik/pukelsheim/2001a.html">"Llull's writings on electoral systems"</a>. <i>Studia Lulliana</i>. <b>41</b>: <span class="nowrap">3–</span>38. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.math.uni-augsburg.de/stochastik/pukelsheim/2001a.html">the original</a> on 2006-02-07.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div>

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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBadiaSantanachSoler2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Lola_Badia" title="Lola Badia">Badia, Lola</a>; Santanach, Joan; Soler, Albert (2016). <i>Ramon Llull as a Vernacular Writer: Communicating a New Kind of Knowledge</i>. Woodbridge: Tamesis.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBonner1985" class="citation book cs1">Bonner, Anthony (1985). "Historical Background and Life". In Bonner, Anthony (ed.). <i>Doctor Illuminatus: A Ramon Llull Reader</i>. Princeton University.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBonner2007" class="citation book cs1">Bonner, Anthony (2007). <i>The Art and Logic of Ramon Llull: A User's Guide</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-90-04-16325-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHillgarth1971" class="citation book cs1">Hillgarth, J. N. (1971). <i>Ramon Lull and Lullism in Fourteenth-century France</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLohr1984" class="citation journal cs1">Lohr, Charles (1984). "Christianus arabicus, cuius nomen Raimundus Lullus". <i>Freiburger Zeitschrift für Philosophie und Theologie</i>. <b>31</b>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPereira1989" class="citation book cs1">Pereira, Michela (1989). <i>The Alchemical Corpus attributed to Raymond Lull</i>. London: The Warburg Institute.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPring-Mill1955" class="citation journal cs1">Pring-Mill, R. D. F. (1955). "The Trinitarian World Picture of Ramon Lull". <i>Romanistisches Jahrbuch</i>. <b>7</b>: <span class="nowrap">229–</span>256.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFYates1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Frances_Yates" title="Frances Yates">Yates, Frances</a> (1964). <i>Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition</i>. Chicago: Chicago University Press.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFYates1966" class="citation book cs1">Yates, Frances (1966). <i>The Art of Memory</i>. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFEco2016" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco, Umberto</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revistes.iec.cat/index.php/CtS/issue/view/9468/showToc">"The Ars Magna by Ramon Llull"</a>. <i>Contributions to Science</i>. <b>12</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">47–</span>50. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2436%2F20.7010.01.243">10.2436/20.7010.01.243</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2013-410X">2013-410X</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFidoraRubio2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Alexander_Fidora" title="Alexander Fidora">Fidora, Alexander</a>; Rubio, Josep E. (2008). <i>Raimundus Lullus: An Introduction to His Life, Works and Thought</i>. Turnhout: Brepols.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFranklin-Brown2012" class="citation book cs1">Franklin-Brown, Mary (2012). <i>Reading the World: Encyclopedic Writing in the Scholastic Age</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJohnston1987" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Mark D. (1987). <i>The Spiritual Logic of Ramón Llull</i>. Oxford: Clarenden Press.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLohr1993" class="citation book cs1">Lohr, Charles H. (1993). "Ramon Lull's Theory of Scientific Demonstration". In Jacobi, Klaus (ed.). <i>Argumentationstheorie</i>. Leiden: Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">729–</span>46.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFYates1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Frances_Yates" title="Frances Yates">Yates, Frances</a> (1982). "Lull and Bruno". <i>Collected Essays: Lull & Bruno</i>. Vol. I. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">English <a href="Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:

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<ul><li>Works by Llull (<a href="OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL148354A">148354A</a>) at the <a href="Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/42156">Works by Ramon Llull</a> at <a href="Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Llull%2C%20Ramon%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Ramon%20Llull%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Llull%2C%20Ramon%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ramon%20Llull%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Llull%2C%20R%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Ramon%20Llull%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Llull%2C%20Ramon%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ramon%20Llull%22%29%20OR%20%28%221232-1316%22%20AND%20Llull%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Ramon Llull</a> at the <a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPriani" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Priani, Ernesto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/llull/">"Ramon Llull"</a>. In <a href="Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quisestlullus.narpan.net/eng/1_intro_eng.html">Who was Ramon Llull?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130313073343/http://quisestlullus.narpan.net/eng/1_intro_eng.html">Archived</a> 2013-03-13 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Centre de Documentació Ramon Llull, <a href="Universitat_de_Barcelona" class="mw-redirect" title="Universitat de Barcelona">Universitat de Barcelona</a></li>

<li>Samuel M. Zwemer <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibri.org/Books/Zwemer/1902-Lull-MissMoslems/htm/doc.html">Raymund Lull: First Missionary to the Muslims</a></i></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openn.library.upenn.edu/Data/0025/html/OthmerMS4.html">Othmer MS 4 Ars brevis; Ars abbreviata praedicanda at OPenn</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escriptors.cat/autors/llullr">Ramon Llull at the AELC</a> (Association of Writers in Catalan Language). Webpage in Catalan, English and Spanish.</li>

<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lletra.uoc.edu/en/autor/ramon-llull">"Ramon Llull"</a>. lletrA-UOC – <a href="Open_University_of_Catalonia" title="Open University of Catalonia">Open University of Catalonia</a>.</cite></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orbita.bib.ub.edu/llull/p.asp?lang=en">Ramon Llull Database, University of Barcelona</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016115701/http://orbita.bib.ub.edu/llull/p.asp?lang=en">Archived</a> 2015-10-16 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12670c.htm"><i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i> article of 1911</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/Saints/saint.aspx?id=1426">Blessed Raymond Lull</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720171446/http://www.raimunduslullus.eu/textos/teoriaconeixementtradanglesa.pdf">Esteve Jaulent: The Theory of Knowledge and the Unity of Man according to Ramon Llull</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110810135337/http://129.15.14.63/galleries//03Medieval/Lull/">Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries</a> High resolution portrait of Ramon Llull in .jpg and .tiff format.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="Edmund_F._Robertson" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Llull.html">"Ramon Llull"</a>, <i><a href="MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cppdigitallibrary.org/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=48&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=contains&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Llull%2C+Ramon%2C+1232%3F-1316.+Practica+compendiosa">Selected images from <i>Practica compendiosa</i></a> – The College of Physicians of Philadelphia Digital Library</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Medieval_philosophers201" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval philosophers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>"<a href="Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>"</li>

<li><a href="Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li>

<li><a href="Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li>

<li><a href="Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a></li>

<li><a href="Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a></li>

<li><a href="Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li>

<li><a href="Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">11–12th<br>century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>"<a href="Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a>"</li>

<li><a href="Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li>

<li><a href="Anselm_of_Laon" title="Anselm of Laon">Anselm of Laon</a></li>

<li><a href="Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh of Saint Victor</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_of_Saint_Victor" title="Richard of Saint Victor">Richard of Saint Victor</a></li>

<li><a href="Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscelin</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexander_of_Hales" title="Alexander of Hales">Alexander of Hales</a></li>

<li><a href="Bernard_of_Chartres" title="Bernard of Chartres">Bernard of Chartres</a></li>

<li><a href="Dominicus_Gundissalinus" title="Dominicus Gundissalinus">Dominicus Gundissalinus</a></li>

<li><a href="Gilbert_de_la_Porr%C3%A9e" title="Gilbert de la Porrée">Gilbert de la Porrée</a></li>

<li><a href="Alain_de_Lille" title="Alain de Lille">Alain de Lille</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">13–14th<br>century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Scot" title="Michael Scot">Michael Scot</a></li>

<li><a href="Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a></li>

<li><a href="Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li>

<li><a href="Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li>

<li><a href="Vitello" title="Vitello">Vitello</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Peckham" title="John Peckham">John Peckham</a></li>

<li><a href="Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger of Brabant</a></li>

<li><a href="Boetius_of_Dacia" title="Boetius of Dacia">Boetius of Dacia</a></li>

<li><a href="Petrus_Peregrinus_de_Maricourt" title="Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt">Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt</a></li>

<li><a href="Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li>

<li><a href="Giles_of_Rome" title="Giles of Rome">Giles of Rome</a></li>

<li><a href="Godfrey_of_Fontaines" title="Godfrey of Fontaines">Godfrey of Fontaines</a></li>

<li><a href="Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a></li>

<li><a href="Durandus_of_Saint-Pour%C3%A7ain" title="Durandus of Saint-Pourçain">Durandus</a></li>

<li><a href="Petrus_Aureolus" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrus Aureolus">Petrus Aureolus</a></li>

<li><a href="William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jean_Buridan" title="Jean Buridan">Jean Buridan</a></li>

<li><a href="Marsilius_of_Inghen" title="Marsilius of Inghen">Marsilius of Inghen</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicole_Oresme" title="Nicole Oresme">Nicole Oresme</a></li>

<li><a href="Albert_of_Saxony_(philosopher)" title="Albert of Saxony (philosopher)">Albert of Saxony</a></li>

<li><a href="Francesc_Eiximenis" title="Francesc Eiximenis">Francesc Eiximenis</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a></li>

<li><a href="Vincent_Ferrer" title="Vincent Ferrer">Vincent Ferrer</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_of_Venice" title="Paul of Venice">Paul of Venice</a></li>

<li><a href="Lambertus_de_Monte" title="Lambertus de Monte">Lambertus de Monte</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Hennon" title="John Hennon">John Hennon</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Medieval8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Isaac_Israeli_ben_Solomon" title="Isaac Israeli ben Solomon">Isaac Israeli ben Solomon</a></li>

<li><a href="Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a></li>

<li><a href="Solomon_ibn_Gabirol" title="Solomon ibn Gabirol">Solomon ibn Gabirol</a></li>

<li><a href="Judah_Halevi" title="Judah Halevi">Judah Halevi</a></li>

<li><a href="Abraham_ibn_Daud" title="Abraham ibn Daud">Abraham ibn Daud</a></li>

<li><a href="Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li>

<li><a href="Nachmanides" title="Nachmanides">Nachmanides</a></li>

<li><a href="Gersonides" title="Gersonides">Gersonides</a></li>

<li><a href="Hasdai_Crescas" title="Hasdai Crescas">Hasdai Crescas</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Albo" title="Joseph Albo">Joseph Albo</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber)</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibrahim_al-Nazzam" title="Ibrahim al-Nazzam">al-Nazzam</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi (Alkindus)</a></li>

<li><a href="Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abu Bakr al-Razi (Rhazes)</a></li>

<li><a href="Brethren_of_Purity" title="Brethren of Purity">Ikhwan al-Safa' (Brethren of Purity)</a></li>

<li><a href="Abu_Bishr_Matta_ibn_Yunus" title="Abu Bishr Matta ibn Yunus">Matta ibn Yunus</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi (Alpharabius)</a></li>

<li><a href="Abu_Ya'qub_al-Sijistani" title="Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani">Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibn_Masarra" title="Ibn Masarra">Ibn Masarra</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Qadi_Abd_al-Jabbar" title="Al-Qadi Abd al-Jabbar">Abd al-Jabbar</a></li>

<li><a href="Abu_al-Hassan_al-Amiri" title="Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri">Al-Amiri</a></li>

<li><a href="Abu_Sulayman_Sijistani" title="Abu Sulayman Sijistani">Abu Sulayman al-Sijistani</a></li>

<li><a href="Miskawayh" title="Miskawayh">Miskawayh</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibn_al-Haytham" title="Ibn al-Haytham">Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">al-Biruni</a></li>

<li><a href="Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani">al-Kirmani</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">High</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Ibn Sina (Avicenna)</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali (Algazel)</a></li>

<li><a href="Abu'l-Barak%C4%81t_al-Baghd%C4%81d%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī">Abu l-Barakat al-Baghdadi</a></li>

<li><a href="Avempace" title="Avempace">Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)</a></li>

<li><a href="Ayn_al-Quzat_Hamadani" title="Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani">Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li>

<li><a href="Averroes" title="Averroes">Ibn Rushd (Averroes)</a></li></ul>

<li><a href="Shahab_al-Din_Yahya_ibn_Habash_Suhrawardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi">Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi</a></li>

<li><a href="Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a></li>

<li><a href="Rashid_al-Din_Hamadani" title="Rashid al-Din Hamadani">Rashid al-Din</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a></li>

<li><a href="Zakariya_al-Qazwini" title="Zakariya al-Qazwini">al-Qazwini</a></li>

<li><a href="Abd_al-Latif_al-Baghdadi" title="Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi">Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi</a></li>

<li><a href="Athir_al-Din_al-Abhari" title="Athir al-Din al-Abhari">Athir al-Din al-Abhari</a></li>

<li><a href="Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibn_al-Nafis" title="Ibn al-Nafis">Ibn al-Nafis</a></li>

<li><a href="Qutb_al-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi">Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also <a href="Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Renaissance philosophy</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alchemy_(general)226" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alchemy_(general)226" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy (general)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_alchemists" title="List of alchemists">Alchemists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greco-Egyptian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agathodaemon_(alchemist)" title="Agathodaemon (alchemist)">Agathodaemon (legendary)</a></li>

<li><a href="Chymes" title="Chymes">Chymes</a></li>

<li><a href="Cleopatra_the_Alchemist" title="Cleopatra the Alchemist">pseudo-Cleopatra</a></li>

<li><a href="Pseudo-Democritus" title="Pseudo-Democritus">pseudo-Democritus</a></li>

<li><a href="Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trismegistus (legendary)</a></li>

<li><a href="Mary_the_Jewess" title="Mary the Jewess">Mary the Jewess</a></li>

<li><a href="Moses_of_Alexandria" title="Moses of Alexandria">pseudo-Moses</a></li>

<li><a href="Ostanes" title="Ostanes">Ostanes (legendary)</a></li>

<li><a href="Paphnutia_the_Virgin" title="Paphnutia the Virgin">Paphnutia the Virgin</a></li>

<li><a href="Zosimos_of_Panopolis" title="Zosimos of Panopolis">Zosimos of Panopolis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Chinese_alchemy" title="Chinese alchemy">Ancient Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fang_(alchemist)" title="Fang (alchemist)">Fang (alchemist)</a></li>

<li><a href="Master_Geng" title="Master Geng">Master Geng</a></li>

<li><a href="Wei_Boyang" title="Wei Boyang">Wei Boyang</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Byzantine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Olympiodorus_the_Younger" title="Olympiodorus the Younger">pseudo-Olympiodorus</a></li>

<li><a href="Stephanus_of_Alexandria" title="Stephanus of Alexandria">Stephanus of Alexandria</a></li>

<li><a href="Synesius" title="Synesius">Synesius</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Arabic-Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (Rhazes)</a></li>

<li><a href="Alphidius" title="Alphidius">Alphidius</a></li>

<li><a href="Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa">pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana (Balīnūs/Balīnās)</a></li>

<li><a href="Artephius" title="Artephius">Artephius</a></li>

<li><a href="Avicenna" title="Avicenna">pseudo-Avicenna</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibn_Arfa'_Ra's" title="Ibn Arfa' Ra's">Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibn_Umayl" title="Ibn Umayl">Ibn Umayl (Senior Zadith)</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibn_Wahshiyya" title="Ibn Wahshiyya">Ibn Waḥshiyya</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Simawi" title="Al-Simawi">al-ʿIrāqī</a></li>

<li><a href="Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Geber)</a></li>

<li><a href="Khalid_ibn_Yazid" title="Khalid ibn Yazid">pseudo-Khālid ibn Yazīd (Calid)</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Jildaki" title="Al-Jildaki">al-Jildakī</a></li>

<li><a href="Picatrix" title="Picatrix">Maslama al-Qurṭubī</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Tughrai" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tughrai">al-Ṭughrāʾī</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Zahrawi" title="Al-Zahrawi">al-Zahrāwī (Abulcasis)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pseudo-Albertus" title="Pseudo-Albertus">pseudo-Albertus</a></li>

<li><a href="Arnaldus_de_Villa_Nova" title="Arnaldus de Villa Nova">(pseudo-)Arnaldus de Villa Nova</a></li>

<li><a href="Pseudo-Geber" title="Pseudo-Geber">pseudo-Geber</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Ripley_(alchemist)" title="George Ripley (alchemist)">George Ripley</a></li>

<li><a href="Guido_di_Montanor" title="Guido di Montanor">Guido di Montanor</a></li>

<li><a href="Hugh_of_Evesham" title="Hugh of Evesham">Hugh of Evesham</a></li>

<li><a href="Johann_of_Laz" title="Johann of Laz">Johann of Laz</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Dastin" title="John Dastin">John Dastin</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean_de_Roquetaillade" title="Jean de Roquetaillade">John of Rupescissa (Jean de Roquetaillade)</a></li>

<li><a href="Magister_Salernus" title="Magister Salernus">Magister Salernus</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Scot" title="Michael Scot">pseudo-Michael Scot</a></li>

<li><a href="Ortolanus" title="Ortolanus">Ortolanus</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_of_Taranto" title="Paul of Taranto">Paul of Taranto</a></li>

<li><a href="Petrus_Bonus" title="Petrus Bonus">Petrus Bonus</a></li>

<li><a href="Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">(pseudo-)Roger Bacon</a></li>

<li><a href="Taddeo_Alderotti" title="Taddeo Alderotti">Taddeo Alderotti</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Norton_(alchemist)" title="Thomas Norton (alchemist)">Thomas Norton</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Andreas_Libavius" title="Andreas Libavius">Andreas Libavius</a></li>

<li><a href="Basil_Valentine" title="Basil Valentine">Basil Valentine</a></li>

<li><a href="Bernard_Trevisan" title="Bernard Trevisan">pseudo-Bernard of Treviso</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Starkey" title="George Starkey">George Starkey (Eirenaeus Philalethes)</a></li>

<li><a href="Gerhard_Dorn" title="Gerhard Dorn">Gerhard Dorn</a></li>

<li><a href="Giovanni_Mercurio_da_Correggio" title="Giovanni Mercurio da Correggio">Giovanni da Correggio</a></li>

<li><a href="Heinrich_Khunrath" title="Heinrich Khunrath">Heinrich Khunrath</a></li>

<li><a href="Hennig_Brand" title="Hennig Brand">Hennig Brand</a></li>

<li><a href="Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a></li>

<li><a href="Jakob_B%C3%B6hme" title="Jakob Böhme">Jakob Böhme</a></li>

<li><a href="Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont" title="Jan Baptist van Helmont">Jan Baptist van Helmont</a></li>

<li><a href="Johann_Rudolf_Glauber" title="Johann Rudolf Glauber">Johann Rudolf Glauber</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Maier" title="Michael Maier">Michael Maier</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Sendivogius" title="Michael Sendivogius">Michael Sendivogius</a></li>

<li><a href="Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a></li>

<li><a href="Pierre-Jean_Fabre" title="Pierre-Jean Fabre">Pierre-Jean Fabre</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a></li>

<li><a href="Samuel_Norton_(alchemist)" title="Samuel Norton (alchemist)">Samuel Norton</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Vaughan_(philosopher)" title="Thomas Vaughan (philosopher)">Thomas Vaughan (Eugenius Philalethes)</a></li>

<li><a href="Wilhelm_Homberg" title="Wilhelm Homberg">Wilhelm Homberg</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Eug%C3%A8ne_Canseliet" title="Eugène Canseliet">Eugène Canseliet</a></li>

<li><a href="Frater_Albertus" title="Frater Albertus">Frater Albertus</a></li>

<li><a href="Fulcanelli" title="Fulcanelli">Fulcanelli</a></li>

<li><a href="Mary_Anne_Atwood" title="Mary Anne Atwood">Mary Anne Atwood</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Atalanta_Fugiens" title="Atalanta Fugiens">Atalanta fugiens</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Aurora_consurgens" title="Aurora consurgens">Aurora consurgens</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Liber_de_compositione_alchemiae" title="Liber de compositione alchemiae"><i>Liber de compositione alchemiae</i> (<i>Morienus</i>)</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Book_of_the_Silvery_Water_and_the_Starry_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of the Silvery Water and the Starry Earth">Book of the Silvery Water and the Starry Earth</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Book_of_Mercy_(alchemical_treatise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Mercy (alchemical treatise)">Book of Mercy</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Books_of_the_Balances" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of the Balances">Books of the Balances</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Buch_der_heiligen_Dreifaltigkeit" title="Buch der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit">Buch der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Cantong_qi" title="Cantong qi">Cantong Qi</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Chymical_Wedding_of_Christian_Rosenkreutz" title="Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz">Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Clavis_sapientiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Clavis sapientiae"><i>Clavis sapientiae</i> (<i>Miftāḥ al-ḥikma</i>)</a></li>

<li><i><a href="De_consideratione_quintae_essentiae" class="mw-redirect" title="De consideratione quintae essentiae">De consideratione quintae essentiae</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Emerald_Tablet" title="Emerald Tablet"><i>Emerald Tablet</i> (<i>Tabula Smaragdina</i>)</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Leyden_papyrus_X" title="Leyden papyrus X">Leyden papyrus X</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Liber_Hermetis_de_alchemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber Hermetis de alchemia"><i>Liber Hermetis de alchemia</i> (<i>Liber dabessi</i>)</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Liber_Ignium" title="Liber Ignium">Liber ignium</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Liber_lucis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber lucis">Liber lucis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Mappae_clavicula" title="Mappae clavicula">Mappae clavicula</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Mirror_of_Alchimy" title="The Mirror of Alchimy">Mirror of Alchimy</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Mutus_Liber" title="Mutus Liber">Mutus liber</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Nabataean_Agriculture" title="The Nabataean Agriculture">Nabataean Agriculture</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Thomas_Norton_(alchemist)" title="Thomas Norton (alchemist)">Ordinal of Alchemy</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Papyrus_Graecus_Holmiensis" title="Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis">Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Physika_kai_mystika" class="mw-redirect" title="Physika kai mystika">Physika kai mystika</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Rosary_of_the_Philosophers" title="Rosary of the Philosophers">Rosary of the Philosophers</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Rutbat_al-hakim" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutbat al-hakim"><i>Rutbat al-ḥakīm</i> (<i>Step of the Sage</i>)</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Seventy_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy Books">Seventy Books</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa"><i>Sirr al-khalīqa</i> (<i>Secret of Creation</i>)</a></li>

<li><a href="Secretum_Secretorum" title="Secretum Secretorum"><i>Sirr al-asrār</i> (pseudo-Aristotle)</a></li>

<li><a href="Sirr_al-asrar_(al-Razi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-asrar (al-Razi)"><i>Sirr al-asrār</i> (al-Rāzī)</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Splendor_Solis" title="Splendor Solis">Splendor solis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Summa_perfectionis" class="mw-redirect" title="Summa perfectionis">Summa perfectionis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Suspicions_about_the_Hidden_Realities_of_the_Air" title="Suspicions about the Hidden Realities of the Air">Suspicions about the Hidden Realities of the Air</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Turba_Philosophorum" title="Turba Philosophorum">Turba philosophorum</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Twelve_Keys_of_Basil_Valentine" title="The Twelve Keys of Basil Valentine">Twelve Keys of Basil Valentine</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compilations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Salomon_Trismosin#Aureum_Vellus" title="Salomon Trismosin">Aureum vellus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Bibliotheca_Chemica_Curiosa" title="Bibliotheca Chemica Curiosa">Bibliotheca chemica curiosa</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="De_Alchemia" title="De Alchemia">De alchemia</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Deutsches_Theatrum_Chemicum" title="Deutsches Theatrum Chemicum">Deutsches Theatrum Chemicum</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Fasciculus_Chemicus" title="Fasciculus Chemicus">Fasciculus chemicus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Musaeum_Hermeticum" title="Musaeum Hermeticum">Musaeum Hermeticum</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Theatrum_Chemicum" title="Theatrum Chemicum">Theatrum chemicum</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Theatrum_Chemicum_Britannicum" title="Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum">Theatrum chemicum Britannicum</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Tripus_Aureus" title="Tripus Aureus">Tripus aureus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Various</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alembic" title="Alembic">Alembic</a></li>

<li><a href="Alkahest" title="Alkahest">Alkahest</a></li>

<li><a href="Athanor" title="Athanor">Athanor</a></li>

<li><a href="Azoth" title="Azoth">Azoth</a></li>

<li><a href="Chrysopoeia" title="Chrysopoeia">Chrysopoeia</a></li>

<li><a href="Classical_element" title="Classical element">Element</a></li>

<li><a href="Digestion_(alchemy)" title="Digestion (alchemy)">Digestion</a></li>

<li><a href="Elixir_of_life" title="Elixir of life">Elixir of life</a></li>

<li><a href="Homunculus" title="Homunculus">Homunculus</a></li>

<li><a href="Iatrochemistry" title="Iatrochemistry">Iatrochemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Alchemy_in_art_and_entertainment" title="Alchemy in art and entertainment">In art/entertainment</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnum_opus_(alchemy)" title="Magnum opus (alchemy)">Magnum opus</a></li>

<li><a href="Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a></li>

<li><a href="Pill_of_Immortality" title="Pill of Immortality">Pill of Immortality</a></li>

<li><a href="Philosopher's_stone" title="Philosopher's stone">Philosophers' stone</a></li>

<li><a href="Prima_materia" title="Prima materia">Prima materia</a></li>

<li><a href="Rebis" title="Rebis">Rebis</a></li>

<li><a href="Spagyric" class="mw-redirect" title="Spagyric">Spagyric</a></li>

<li><a href="Takwin" title="Takwin">Takwin</a></li>

<li><a href="Yliaster" title="Yliaster">Yliaster</a></li>

<li>Processes</li>

<li><a href="List_of_alchemical_substances" title="List of alchemical substances">Substances</a></li>

<li><a href="Alchemical_symbol" title="Alchemical symbol">Symbols</a> (<a href="Alchemical_Symbols_(Unicode_block)" title="Alchemical Symbols (Unicode block)">Unicode</a>, <a href="Suns_in_alchemy" title="Suns in alchemy">Suns in alchemy</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> All articles</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Catholic_theology809" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div id="History_of_Catholic_theology809" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Catholic_dogmatic_theology" title="Catholic dogmatic theology">History of Catholic theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div><a href="List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Key figures</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a>

<ul><li><a href="Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li>

<li><a href="Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">First Epistle of Clement</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li>

<li><a href="Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Shepherd_of_Hermas" title="The Shepherd of Hermas">The Shepherd of Hermas</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Aristides_of_Athens" title="Aristides of Athens">Aristides of Athens</a></li>

<li><a href="Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Epistle_to_Diognetus" title="Epistle to Diognetus">Epistle to Diognetus</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li>

<li><a href="Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li>

<li><a href="Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li>

<li><a href="Novatian" title="Novatian">Antipope Novatian</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> to<br><a href="Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li>

<li><a href="Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li>

<li><a href="Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li>

<li><a href="Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li>

<li><a href="Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li>

<li><a href="Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li>

<li><a href="Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li>

<li><a href="Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li>

<li><a href="Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li>

<li><a href="Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li>

<li><a href="Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a></li>

<li><a href="Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li>

<li><a href="Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li>

<li><a href="Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a></li>

<li><a href="Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a></li>

<li><a href="Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li>

<li><a href="Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecthesis" title="Ecthesis">Ecthesis</a></li>

<li><a href="John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li>

<li><a href="Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation dispute</a></li>

<li><a href="Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination disputes</a></li>

<li><a href="Paulinus_II_of_Aquileia" title="Paulinus II of Aquileia">Paulinus II of Aquileia</a></li>

<li><a href="Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li>

<li><a href="Benedict_of_Aniane" title="Benedict of Aniane">Benedict of Aniane</a></li>

<li><a href="Rabanus_Maurus" title="Rabanus Maurus">Rabanus Maurus</a></li>

<li><a href="Paschasius_Radbertus" title="Paschasius Radbertus">Paschasius Radbertus</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a></li>

<li><a href="Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li>

<li><a href="Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar of Tours</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li>

<li><a href="Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li>

<li><a href="Joachim_of_Fiore" title="Joachim of Fiore">Joachim of Fiore</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li>

<li><a href="Decretum_Gratiani" title="Decretum Gratiani">Decretum Gratiani</a></li>

<li><a href="Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li>

<li><a href="Anselm_of_Laon" title="Anselm of Laon">Anselm of Laon</a></li>

<li><a href="Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li>

<li><a href="Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh of Saint Victor</a></li>

<li><a href="Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic de Guzmán</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a></li>

<li><a href="Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li>

<li><a href="Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li>

<li><a href="Beatrice_of_Nazareth" title="Beatrice of Nazareth">Beatrice of Nazareth</a></li>

<li><a href="Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li>

<li><a href="Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li>

<li><a href="Boetius_of_Dacia" title="Boetius of Dacia">Boetius of Dacia</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li>

<li><a href="Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger of Brabant</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li>

<li><a href="Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a> and reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a></li>

<li><a href="Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a></li>

<li><a href="William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Rolle" title="Richard Rolle">Richard Rolle</a></li>

<li><a href="John_van_Ruysbroeck" class="mw-redirect" title="John van Ruysbroeck">John of Ruusbroec</a></li>

<li><a href="Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li>

<li><a href="Bridget_of_Sweden" title="Bridget of Sweden">Bridget of Sweden</a></li>

<li><a href="Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li>

<li><a href="Johannes_Tauler" title="Johannes Tauler">Johannes Tauler</a></li>

<li><a href="Walter_Hilton" title="Walter Hilton">Walter Hilton</a></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Cloud_of_Unknowing" title="The Cloud of Unknowing">The Cloud of Unknowing</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Suso" title="Henry Suso">Heinrich Seuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Geert_Groote" title="Geert Groote">Geert Groote</a></li>

<li><a href="Devotio_Moderna" title="Devotio Moderna">Devotio Moderna</a></li>

<li><a href="Julian_of_Norwich" title="Julian of Norwich">Julian of Norwich</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_%C3%A0_Kempis" title="Thomas à Kempis">Thomas à Kempis</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a></li>

<li><a href="Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a></li>

<li><a href="Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a></li>

<li><a href="Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br><a href="Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Thomas Cajetan</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li>

<li><a href="Johann_Eck" title="Johann Eck">Johann Eck</a></li>

<li><a href="Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Francisco de Vitoria</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_of_Villanova" title="Thomas of Villanova">Thomas of Villanova</a></li>

<li><a href="Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li>

<li><a href="Francisco_de_Osuna" title="Francisco de Osuna">Francisco de Osuna</a></li>

<li><a href="John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li>

<li><a href="Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li>

<li><a href="Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li>

<li><a href="John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li>

<li><a href="Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Luis de Molina</a> (<a href="Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li>

<li><a href="Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a></li>

<li><a href="Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li>

<li><a href="Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to<br><a href="French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a></li>

<li><a href="Pierre_de_B%C3%A9rulle" title="Pierre de Bérulle">Pierre de Bérulle</a></li>

<li><a href="Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Pierre Gassendi</a></li>

<li><a href="Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li>

<li><a href="Mary_of_Jesus_of_%C3%81greda" title="Mary of Jesus of Ágreda">Mary of Jesus of Ágreda</a></li>

<li><a href="Ant%C3%B3nio_Vieira" title="António Vieira">António Vieira</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean-Jacques_Olier" title="Jean-Jacques Olier">Jean-Jacques Olier</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis_Thomassin" title="Louis Thomassin">Louis Thomassin</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet</a></li>

<li><a href="Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">François Fénelon</a></li>

<li><a href="Cornelius_Jansen" title="Cornelius Jansen">Cornelius Jansen</a> (<a href="Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li>

<li><a href="Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a></li>

<li><a href="Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">Louis de Montfort</a></li>

<li><a href="Maria_Gaetana_Agnesi" title="Maria Gaetana Agnesi">Maria Gaetana Agnesi</a></li>

<li><a href="Alfonso_Muzzarelli" title="Alfonso Muzzarelli">Alfonso Muzzarelli</a></li>

<li><a href="Johann_Michael_Sailer" title="Johann Michael Sailer">Johann Michael Sailer</a></li>

<li><a href="Clement_Mary_Hofbauer" title="Clement Mary Hofbauer">Clement Mary Hofbauer</a></li>

<li><a href="Bruno_Lanteri" title="Bruno Lanteri">Bruno Lanteri</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Joseph Görres</a></li>

<li><a href="F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Félicité de La Mennais</a></li>

<li><a href="Luigi_Taparelli" title="Luigi Taparelli">Luigi Taparelli</a></li>

<li><a href="Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Antonio Rosmini</a></li>

<li><a href="Ignaz_von_D%C3%B6llinger" title="Ignaz von Döllinger">Ignaz von Döllinger</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean-Baptiste_Henri_Lacordaire" title="Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire">Henri Lacordaire</a></li>

<li><a href="Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Jaime Balmes</a></li>

<li><a href="Gaetano_Sanseverino" title="Gaetano Sanseverino">Gaetano Sanseverino</a></li>

<li><a href="Giovanni_Maria_Cornoldi" title="Giovanni Maria Cornoldi">Giovanni Maria Cornoldi</a></li>

<li><a href="Wilhelm_Emmanuel_von_Ketteler" title="Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler">Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler</a></li>

<li><a href="Giuseppe_Pecci" title="Giuseppe Pecci">Giuseppe Pecci</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Hergenr%C3%B6ther" title="Joseph Hergenröther">Joseph Hergenröther</a></li>

<li><a href="Tommaso_Maria_Zigliara" title="Tommaso Maria Zigliara">Tommaso Maria Zigliara</a></li>

<li><a href="Matthias_Joseph_Scheeben" title="Matthias Joseph Scheeben">Matthias Joseph Scheeben</a></li>

<li><a href="%C3%89mile_Boutroux" title="Émile Boutroux">Émile Boutroux</a></li>

<li><a href="Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li>

<li><a href="Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li>

<li><a href="D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier">Désiré-Joseph Mercier</a></li>

<li><a href="Friedrich_von_H%C3%BCgel" title="Friedrich von Hügel">Friedrich von Hügel</a></li>

<li><a href="Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li>

<li><a href="Marie-Joseph_Lagrange" title="Marie-Joseph Lagrange">Marie-Joseph Lagrange</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Tyrrell" title="George Tyrrell">George Tyrrell</a></li>

<li><a href="Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Maurice Blondel</a></li>

<li><a href="Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li>

<li><a href="R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li>

<li><a href="Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Jacques Maritain</a></li>

<li><a href="%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Étienne Gilson</a></li>

<li><a href="Ronald_Knox" title="Ronald Knox">Ronald Knox</a></li>

<li><a href="Georges_Bernanos" title="Georges Bernanos">Georges Bernanos</a></li>

<li><a href="Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Dietrich von Hildebrand</a></li>

<li><a href="Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li>

<li><a href="Marie-Dominique_Chenu" title="Marie-Dominique Chenu">Marie-Dominique Chenu</a></li>

<li><a href="Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Romano Guardini</a></li>

<li><a href="Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Edith Stein</a></li>

<li><a href="Fulton_J._Sheen" title="Fulton J. Sheen">Fulton Sheen</a></li>

<li><a href="Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Henri de Lubac</a></li>

<li><a href="Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li>

<li><a href="Henri_Daniel-Rops" title="Henri Daniel-Rops">Henri Daniel-Rops</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean_Guitton" title="Jean Guitton">Jean Guitton</a></li>

<li><a href="Josemar%C3%ADa_Escriv%C3%A1" title="Josemaría Escrivá">Josemaría Escrivá</a></li>

<li><a href="Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Nouvelle théologie</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a></li>

<li><a href="Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Yves Congar</a></li>

<li><a href="Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Bernard Lonergan</a></li>

<li><a href="Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Emmanuel Mounier</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Jean Daniélou">Jean Daniélou</a></li>

<li><a href="Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Hans Urs von Balthasar</a></li>

<li><a href="Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Marcel Lefebvre</a></li>

<li><a href="Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Frederick Copleston</a></li>

<li><a href="Alfred_Delp" title="Alfred Delp">Alfred Delp</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_Schillebeeckx" title="Edward Schillebeeckx">Edward Schillebeeckx</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Merton" title="Thomas Merton">Thomas Merton</a></li>

<li><a href="Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a></li>

<li><a href="Johann_Baptist_Metz" title="Johann Baptist Metz">Johann Baptist Metz</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean_Vanier" title="Jean Vanier">Jean Vanier</a></li>

<li><a href="Henri_Nouwen" title="Henri Nouwen">Henri Nouwen</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Alice_von_Hildebrand" title="Alice von Hildebrand">Alice von Hildebrand</a></li>

<li><a href="Carlo_Maria_Martini" title="Carlo Maria Martini">Carlo Maria Martini</a></li>

<li><a href="Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li>

<li><a href="Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gustavo Gutiérrez</a></li>

<li><a href="Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li>

<li><a href="Walter_Kasper" title="Walter Kasper">Walter Kasper</a></li>

<li><a href="Raniero_Cantalamessa" title="Raniero Cantalamessa">Raniero Cantalamessa</a></li>

<li><a href="Micha%C5%82_Heller" title="Michał Heller">Michał Heller</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Peter Kreeft</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li>

<li><a href="Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Hal%C3%ADk" title="Tomáš Halík">Tomáš Halík</a></li>

<li><a href="Aidan_Nichols" title="Aidan Nichols">Aidan Nichols</a></li>

<li><a href="Scott_Hahn" title="Scott Hahn">Scott Hahn</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3ACatholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_philosophy436" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div id="Catholic_philosophy436" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Catholic philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Ethics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a></li>

<li><a href="Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command</a></li>

<li><a href="Just_price" title="Just price">Just price</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_probabilism" title="Catholic probabilism">Probabilism</a></li>

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<li><a href="Catholic_personalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic personalism">Personalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a>

<ul><li><a href="Option_for_the_poor" title="Option for the poor">Option for the poor</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_mortgage" title="Social mortgage">Social mortgage</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Theological_virtues" title="Theological virtues">Theological virtues</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span><br><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span><br><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li>

<li><a href="Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li>

<li><a href="Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a></li>

<li><a href="Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytical Thomism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="Problem_of_universals" title="Problem of universals">Universals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Platonic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonic realism">Augustinian realism</a></li>

<li><a href="Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li>

<li><a href="Moderate_realism" title="Moderate realism">Moderate realism</a></li>

<li><a href="Scotistic_realism" title="Scotistic realism">Scotistic realism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Intellectualism" title="Intellectualism">Theological intellectualism</a></li>

<li><a href="Voluntarism_(philosophy)" title="Voluntarism (philosophy)">Theological voluntarism</a></li>

<li><a href="Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li>

<li><a href="Mortimer_J._Adler" title="Mortimer J. Adler">Adler</a></li>

<li><a href="Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus</a></li>

<li><a href="Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li>

<li><a href="G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li>

<li><a href="Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li>

<li><a href="Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li>

<li><a href="Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Bacon</a></li>

<li><a href="Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li>

<li><a href="Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li>

<li><a href="Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li>

<li><a href="G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li>

<li><a href="Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement</a></li>

<li><a href="Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li>

<li><a href="Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li>

<li><a href="Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">Eriugena</a></li>

<li><a href="Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Ficino</a></li>

<li><a href="Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Gassendi</a></li>

<li><a href="Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore</a></li>

<li><a href="Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Lombard</a></li>

<li><a href="Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicholas_Malebranche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li>

<li><a href="Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li>

<li><a href="William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Occam</a></li>

<li><a href="Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Rahner</a></li>

<li><a href="Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Ratzinger</a></li>

<li><a href="Max_Scheler" title="Max Scheler">Scheler</a></li>

<li><a href="Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a></li>

<li><a href="Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li>

<li><a href="Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li>

<li><a href="Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Wojtyła</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Actus_essendi" title="Actus essendi">Actus Essendi</a></li>

<li><a href="Actus_primus" title="Actus primus">Actus primus</a></li>

<li><a href="Actus_purus" title="Actus purus">Actus purus</a></li>

<li><a href="Aevum" title="Aevum">Aevum</a></li>

<li><a href="Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinian values</a></li>

<li><a href="Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a></li>

<li><a href="Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Cartesian dualism</a></li>

<li><a href="Cogito%2C_ergo_sum" title="Cogito, ergo sum">Cogito, ergo sum</a></li>

<li><a href="Dehellenization_of_Christianity" title="Dehellenization of Christianity">Dehellenization</a></li>

<li><a href="Differentia" title="Differentia">Differentia</a></li>

<li><a href="Disputation" title="Disputation">Disputation</a></li>

<li><a href="Divine_illumination" title="Divine illumination">Divine illumination</a></li>

<li><a href="Double_truth" title="Double truth">Double truth</a></li>

<li><a href="Evil_demon" title="Evil demon">Evil demon</a></li>

<li><a href="Formal_distinction" title="Formal distinction">Formal distinction</a></li>

<li><a href="Guardian_angel" title="Guardian angel">Guardian angel</a></li>

<li><a href="Haecceity" title="Haecceity">Haecceity</a></li>

<li><a href="Homo_unius_libri" title="Homo unius libri">Homo unius libri</a></li>

<li><a href="Infused_righteousness" title="Infused righteousness">Infused righteousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Memento_mori#In_Europe_from_the_Medieval_era_to_the_Victorian_era" title="Memento mori">Memento mori</a></li>

<li><a href="Occam's_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li>

<li><a href="Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological argument</a></li>

<li><a href="Pascal's_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a></li>

<li><a href="Peripatetic_axiom" title="Peripatetic axiom">Peripatetic axiom</a></li>

<li><a href="Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect">Principle of double effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Quiddity" title="Quiddity">Quiddity</a></li>

<li><a href="Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Quinque viae</a></li>

<li><a href="Rota_Fortunae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rota Fortunae">Rota Fortunae</a></li>

<li><a href="Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li>

<li><a href="Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Augustinian_theodicy" title="Augustinian theodicy">Augustinian</a></li>

<li><a href="Irenaean_theodicy" title="Irenaean theodicy">Irenaean</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Trademark_argument" title="Trademark argument">Trademark argument</a></li>

<li><a href="Univocity_of_being" title="Univocity of being">Univocity</a></li>

<li><a href="Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a></li>

<li><a href="Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a></li>

<li><a href="Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a></li>

<li><a href="Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance</a></li>

<li><a href="Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li>

<li><a href="Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div>

<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3APhilosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li></ul>

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